While describing what's happening in your data is essential, it is just as important to move beyond just description and delve deeper into analysis. Rather than stopping at surface-level observations in your dashboard, analysis prompts the user to ask probing questions about why certain trends occur, what factors contribute to them, and how they impact our objectives; allowing for a much deeper understanding of the topic you are investigating.
This can be done in different ways, a dashboard can be exploratory, explanatory or both depending on the data and the needs of the user. While exploratory dashboards allows the user to derive insights from the dashboard themselves, explanatory dashboards show the results of analysis that you have already conducted and how you arrived at those conclusions. Most will have elements of both types to show both their own analysis and allow the user to discover more details.